Section VI ceramic art during the Song, Liao Jin achievements I. Song Dynasty porcelain process to reach a new peak after the Chieh-tu Shih Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties period divided split situation 960 the establishment of the Northern Song Zhao Kuangyin regime to achieve the reunification of China. After the Song, Liao payment of long-term war between the social production caused some damage, but in general are still wave-like socio-economic development. After 1127, the Southern Song Dynasty in southernregime, making the South the economy Zeng Fanrong time. These are conducive to the development of handicraft porcelain to the Song Dynasty porcelain technology to a new peak. System of the Song Dynasty kilns and workshops are found, the number of sites all over the Tang Dynasty, the law is gradually to the roads around the city and commercial center, a representative of the kilns products won reputation in the community, the small workshop on the well-established in the vicinity, so as to form a vast system of kilns, such as Ding, Yaozhou, Jun,, Pro Ru, Longquan kiln, Kiln Dehua, Tong39an kilns of Jingdezhen kilns have Hutian this is the case. These kilns in order to maintain their traditional markets, and to win new markets, in the production of very intense competition.the invention process, innovation to break through the Tang Dynasty Southern Green White North of the situation, renowned at home and abroad of the porcelains system appeared one after another, and its artistic style soon imitated by other regions. Office of the Royal Song Guan kilns that have made great achievements since then, the North Korea also has its own kilns built workshop. Mining technology developed in the Song Dynasty, high-quality coal used in the kiln, high temperature, long holding time, the child is expected to porcelain, glaze, color is expected to fendi wallet fully carry out chemical reactions, which porcelain technology to the improvement of the conditions provided a good . Sea traffic to open up the Song Dynasty, coastal economy, trade, the rapid development of technology for the porcelain, as well as to improve and enhance the prosperity of porcelain crafts have played a fendi spy black good role. After the tenth century, China39s scientific, technical, technological, cultural, and further development of the arts, in particular the achievements of science and art of porcelain significant impact on development. All these factors together, so that the Song Dynasty porcelain art in the field of aesthetics to open up a new realm of brilliant, and its success can be summed up as follows First, the Song and Liao, Western Xia, Jin39s long and brutal war, which lasted , in the harsh reality of life in the formation of a strong national consciousness, which is the development of arts and crafts have had a profound impact. Therefore, the Song Dynasty porcelain production, from north to south of the ceramic department embodies all prominent national art style. Not yet in Jingdezhen porcelain production centers in China prior to the production of porcelain scattered in various areas, some quite large areas of the style system similar to the kilns. This phenomenon began in the performance of the Tang Dynasty, but the Tang Dynasty, one thing is obvious, that is, Bo received wide adoption in many shapes porcelain, decorative elements outside the domain to accept the impact of culture, fresh and lively, there are exotic.not the same to the Central Plains from the north from the Yangtze River to the coastal areas of the two sides of the production are the major kilns in one direction toward the development, showing a keen on the performance of China39s unique national artistic tendency, so the performance of the nationalthe spirit of the most pure, most simple, elegant style and amazing skill. Well, notTangporcelain, and the atmosphere was warm, there is no harassment to the Ming and Qing porcelain so delicate, colorful, but the lofty national consciousness, making it the history of art in the world enjoy a high reputation. Second, the clear spirit of the times of any ceramic dynasty could not be compared. Feudal society in China during the Han and Tang Dynasties had launched a large-scale foreign economic and cultural exchanges, to the neglect of the commercial economy in the Song Dynasty less than a phenomenon, an unprecedented urban economic development, improve the status of businessmen in urban areas is very active public life.of The Painting Scroll the performance of urban and personalities Di Bianjing shop is a concentrated expression of the spirit of the times. Spectacular busy commercial town, hotels, restaurants, row upon row of shops, from the imperial nobility, down to the common people, are the pursuit of extravagant luxury. Silk, brocade, gold and silver, porcelain become another valuable items boast. Song class of intellectuals, especially writers and artists become more active than ever. Their hobbies, judge, praise, to porcelain artisans in the spirit of creativity has been based. Porcelain products many outstanding people at fendi boston bag the time to show love and feelings of the soul. Regardless of shape or decoration, or color and regardless of enamel have shown a common noble, Cold, compact, pure beauty. Set of white porcelain, building porcelain dark, mysterious quiet of the Longquan celadon deep, Jingdezhen porcelain shadow of, Guan, Ru the, the sharp-yao porcelain engraving, celadonlocal flavor, Jun-red spot Black, theHaofang, Tong39an cool kiln, the natural beauty, artistic beauty, fresh and simple reason the United States, and the image of harmony and integration.process in the development of the national spirit of the times has made a valuable contribution. Third, the regional characteristics ofwas also very obvious. The emergence of these features, on the one hand, a vast territory of China, arts and crafts a strong tradition of geographical features, people39s living habits, aesthetic concepts, the development of specific road porcelain of different long-established on the other hand, is due to raw materials, differences in fuel characteristics, so that the furnace construction, manufacturing process and flame control by the formation of the special effects technology. Fourth, the famous Song Dynasty Ding, Jun, Longquan kiln, as well as production for the Royal Guan Guan, such as such as Kaifeng, the products of high artistic achievement, representing the highest level. Their tendency in the arts, the very strong sense of antique. This trend has also spread to non-governmental kilns, such as kiln Hutian, Longquan kiln, Yaozhou, Pro Ru, Kyrgyzstan and other states kiln, their antique bronzes, ancient lacquerware, ancient jade shapes considerable. The Antiqueshoddy products is not, nor is it closely imitate simple, but very strict requirements of art, technology reached the point where high degree of technical proficiency in the shape of the lines to make greater efforts to deal with, there is no sense of fancy light show a dignified, solemn, grand spirit, the ancient era of bronze, jade, lacquer and elegant shapes may be beautiful, and inject a new flavor of the times, in succession of the ancient tradition of excellence for successful culture. Second, the famous Song Dynasty kilns for the famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, the so-called five kilns have said, is the official kiln, Ru, Ding, Jun, Ge ware. This is also widespread in future generations. In fact, some of the kilns, there are different views, and the famous Song Dynasty kilns have also more fendi than that. Optional important following the introduction as follows 1. GUANYAO system refers to the so-called royal kilns run specifically for the royal porcelain kilns. This is the Tang Dynasty has not yet appeared, it was suggested that the Tang Yue firing Royal secret for the workshop is the color porcelain kilns. Some people think that burning tribute to the royal family isporcelain kilns, and some are even some in their pottery production on writing an official wordknown as kilns, it is worth studying, need to find convincing evidence. Department of the Song and Qing dynasties and most people think of Ru, Guan Kaifeng, Hangzhou kilns Jiaotan is to manufacture porcelaincourt. On the Ru sites, there are many people that the past, or thatCounty in Henan. In recent years, experts Baofeng largest town in Henan province found Qingliangsi Ru village sites, a preliminary study to find clues available.for the Ru-xiang gray, and its green glaze for the eggs, covered in the glaze layer under the micro-mask significant pink, shinyare celadon. Ru thick enamel, for Su-face, very few decorative patterns, but the glazed ice cracks, also known as stria truncactus. Ru flame to restore control of a highly successful, fine ingredients, the highest level is the Song Dynasty Celadon. Ru porcelain objects for the imperial Queen, it produced very few, not the general market. Southern Song Dynasty Zhou Hui magazine-ha, Ru said, there are agate glaze at the end, but for sorting Royal retreat, Fang Xu betrayed, especially rare near. In the Song Dynasty general who is difficult to see it, is very natural. Ru production with the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty and the decline continues, it39s a shorter production time, so the products has been minimal. Ru porcelain products main basin, dish, bowl, three full bottles, light care, four-foot oval boxes. Incidentally, in the surroundingRu, Yu County, Yiyang County, there are many, such as the Northern Song Dynasty ruins of kilns, burning civilianthey mainly referred to as Pro Ru.body of its coarse, thin glaze, color, fendi bag green and yellow, was green beans. Ru Pro products are plates, bowls, bottles, pots, cans, etc., and some decorations and printing process used to characterize a variety of patterns, flowers, figures, etc.. Their shapes and decoration show a strong civil color. Baofeng Ru sites found in the past, with the Ru Ru Pro has a close relationship, Ru kilns in the civildeveloped on the basis, in addition to the production of Ru Porcelain Qingliangsi sites, but also the ordinary mass-produced celadon, Jun vitreous enamel, white black, etc.. The kilns on the Northern Song Dynasty, according to legendTaikan, governance and years, the court has set the official kiln in Kaifeng. But so far not found in the kilns of local sites. Because the formation of the Yellow River sediment will be buried deep under the ground in the Song Dynasty, difficult to find sites. It is said that during the Southern Song Dynasty in the repair within the Division in charge of imperial artifacts making the renovation of the Queen39s institution GUANYAO home, sites in the Phoenix Mountains north of Hangzhou, but has not yet been found. Later, in a separate Jiaotan Guan, Hangzhou turtles in this hill near the sites range in 1956 has been the subject of some excavations. Here39sgreenware, glaze thin thick tires, tires for the gray, brown, black tri-color, powder blue glaze to the best of the Southern Song Dynasty porcelain treasures. 2. Yaozhou in northern celadon Yaozhou unique, far-reaching art. Kiln in Shanxi Yellow Tongchuan town. The kiln from the Tang Dynasty, the beginning of the production of white, blue, black and three-color glazed porcelain. Sharp patterns in the Song Dynasty Celadon known, far-reaching technology. 3. Jun Yu County, Henan sites Juntai, baguazhang, as the center hole. Celadon in the north, the Jun porcelain glaze thickness, there is strong there is light glaze with the same sapphire opalescence as color, light blue, such as days, for days of deep blue, light appears on a white, moist texture, a beautiful anomaly . Some of the red glaze Jun mature like Purple Rose, and some want to drop like a rich red Begonia, and some, like the clouds float blue, some like a brilliant sunset and unpredictable. It is in the process added a green-glazed metal copper, iron and other elements for the color agent repeatedly glazing or metal complex into the glaze color, or in objects coated copper glaze layer red, the reduction of the high-temperature flame make the glaze, color penetration melting, showing the effect of an unpredictable art. Jun longer production time, from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty in the mid-term production. 4.Ding Center Quyang County in Hebei Village, and east-west magnetic Stream Village where Yanshanian. By the archaeological survey of sites covering 1.17 million square meters. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, it is subject to the effects of the rise of. Ding mainly in the production of white porcelain. White high technology skills,dense white Linglong sophisticated modeling, skilled engraving, printing precision, such as the Song Dynasty brocade. Yellowing of white glaze, and the texture Ivory. Ding white porcelain in addition to production, but also the production of green porcelain, known as the Green set black porcelain, known as the black set brown red vitreous enamel, purple set that are set in fine porcelain with a high degree of artistic value. Many white